Periodontal disease is one of the most common medical conditions in dogs. It involves inflammation and the loss of the support structures around the teeth, including gum tissue, bone, and the periodontal ligament.
Periodontal disease begins when bacteria in the mouth start forming a biofilm layer on and around the teeth, known as plaque. This plaque traps and protects bacteria as it accumulates, causing a persistent inflammatory reaction and infection of the surrounding tissues.
Stages of Gum Disease in Dogs
The progression of periodontal disease is measured in stages ranging from normal (Stage 0) to Stage 4.
Stage 1:
The gingival (gum) tissues become inflamed and irritated (gingivitis) due to the presence of nearby plaque and bacteria, but no active loss of tissue has occurred. This stage is completely reversible if addressed quickly and properly.
Stage 2:
The gingival tissues are further inflamed and often edematous (swollen). Chronic inflammation and infection begin to cause destruction of the surrounding bone. Dental X-rays (radiographs) reveal less than 25% loss of bone attachment to the tooth.
Stage 3:
The gingival tissues often begin to suffer permanent damage and destruction, leading to the appearance of gum recession. This loss of gingival attachment and bone destruction exposes some of the tooth roots, allowing faster and further buildup of plaque and tartar. Radiographs reveal approximately 25–50% loss of surrounding bone.
Stage 4:
The gingiva has receded enough that large portions or even entire roots may be visible. The surrounding bone has eroded to the point where less than 50% remains. This pronounced bone loss causes the teeth to become loose.
Severe Periodontal Disease
Severe cases of periodontal disease can lead to complications such as pathologic jaw fractures or the formation of holes between the mouth and the nasal cavity, known as oronasal fistulas. These conditions are most commonly associated with the large fang or “canine” teeth.
What Causes Gum Disease in Dogs?
Numerous factors contribute to the development of periodontal disease, including age, diet, breed, oral hygiene, and others. The most effective ways to reduce the risk of periodontal disease are through proper at-home dental care, such as tooth brushing, and professional cleanings and periodontal therapy by a veterinarian.
Treating Gum Disease in Houston Dogs
If you have any questions or concerns that your dog may be suffering from periodontal disease, please call and schedule an appointment to speak with one of our veterinarians today.
Images used under creative commons license – commercial use (8/19/2025). Photo by Pauline Loroy on Unsplash