Periodontal disease is a relatively common condition in cats. It involves inflammation and the loss of the support structures around the teeth, including gum tissue, bone, and the periodontal ligament. Periodontal disease begins when bacteria in the mouth form a biofilm layer on and around the teeth, known as plaque. This plaque traps and protects the bacteria as it accumulates, leading to a persistent inflammatory response and infection in the surrounding tissues.
Stages of Periodontal Disease in Cats
The progression of periodontal disease is typically categorized in stages, ranging from normal (Stage 0) to Stage 4:
Stage 1:
The gingival (gum) tissues become inflamed and irritated (gingivitis) due to the presence of plaque and bacteria, but no loss of tissue has occurred. This stage is completely reversible if addressed promptly and properly.
Stage 2:
The gums are more inflamed and often swollen (edematous). Chronic inflammation and infection begin to damage the surrounding bone. Dental X-rays (radiographs) reveal less than 25% loss of bone attachment to the tooth.
Stage 3:
Permanent damage to the gum tissues is typically present, and they may appear to pull away from the teeth. This loss of gum attachment and continued bone destruction exposes parts of the tooth roots, promoting further buildup of plaque and tartar. Radiographs show approximately 25–50% bone loss.
Stage 4:
The gums have receded significantly, often exposing entire roots. Bone loss exceeds 50%, leading to loose and unstable teeth.
Periodontal Disease Can Worsen Other Oral Health Issues in Cats
Cats may also suffer from additional oral conditions that occur alongside or are worsened by periodontal disease. Gingivostomatitis involves severe inflammation that extends beyond the gums to other oral tissues, including the back of the mouth (caudal mucositis). Tooth resorption, a condition in which the tooth structure itself is broken down and destroyed, is also commonly associated with periodontal disease.
What Causes Periodontal Disease in Cats?
Several factors contribute to the development of periodontal disease, including age, diet, breed, oral hygiene, chronic viral infections, and more. The most effective ways to reduce the risk of periodontal disease include proper at-home dental care, such as regular tooth brushing, as well as professional dental cleanings and periodontal therapy performed by a veterinarian.
Consult a Houston Cat Dentist
If you have questions or are concerned that your cat may be suffering from periodontal disease, please contact us to schedule an appointment with one of our veterinarians today.
Images used under creative commons license – commercial use (8/26/2025). Photo by Zeke Tucker on Unsplash